A Case for Health Reparations

A Declaration for Air

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Air is Kin

On 11th October 2023, 14 people ranging from the fields of medicine, policy, law, abolition, science, data science, economics, and art gathered to declare our right to access AIR. 

To download a pdf copy of this Declaration for Air please use this link.

Further Reading

Who are AIR?

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Air is Kin

br Dr. Jake Robinson, PhD

Dr Jake Robinson is a microbial ecologist with an interdisciplinary skillset. His research focuses on the nexus between biodiversity and human health, and on developing innovative strategies to conserve and restore ecosystems.

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“Air” has many faces.

From a Western science perspective, air commonly refers to the mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere. This includes gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. In a human context, air represents the mixture of gases we breathe to sustain life, which primarily consists of oxygen and nitrogen.

In many Indigenous cultures, the natural elements, including air, hold deep spiritual, cultural, and ecological significance. The elements of nature, including air, are often associated with spirits or deities. Air may be seen as a source of life and a carrier of messages. Air is vital for aerobic life, hence the term breath of life.

The act of breathing is connected to the life force, and rituals and ceremonies may involve breathing practices. Indigenous cultures also emphasise a deep interconnection with the natural world, and air, as one of the natural elements, is considered a fundamental part of this web of life. 

Air has a dynamic ecology. Indeed, it’s challenging to imagine a more dynamic medium. One of the fundamental ecological processes in the atmosphere is gas exchange. We inhale the exhalations of plants and diverse microorganisms as they inhale ours––the most magnificent occurrence of unconscious reciprocity. 

Cyanobacteria in the ocean gave rise to much of the oxygen in the atmosphere, and some now think phage viruses inoculated these bacteria with the genetic machinery required to photosynthesise. So, in addition to plants, we have microbes (even viruses) to thank for the air we breathe.

The air contains diverse microbial communities of bacteria, viruses, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa and tiny animals, along with pollen, organic compounds and spores galore. Microbes and their by-products in the air play roles in nutrient cycling, pollination, and cloud formation, and influence the health of humans and non-humans alike.

The air contains diverse microbial communities of bacteria, viruses, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa and tiny animals, along with pollen, organic compounds and spores galore. Microbes and their by-products in the air play roles in nutrient cycling, pollination, and cloud formation, and influence the health of humans and non-humans alike.

The dynamic ecology of air is essential for the migration and dispersal of various life-forms, including birds, insects, microbes and plants. Air currents play a vital role in these movements, influencing the distribution of species and the establishment of new communities and ecosystems. 

Air currents erode, transport and deposit, eternally shaping the planet’s landscapes. But it’s not just physical or chemical entities (organisms, soil particles, odours) that air transports. 

Air molecules also play a role in transmitting sound. The vibration of air molecules and their ability to pass on these vibrations to neighbouring molecules is how sound energy is transmitted through a given space. Air also carries rich organic odours that nourish our senses and allow bees and other insects to locate flowers, thus instigating a great multi-species collaboration, a cycle that affects all of us. 

Some estimate that with each breath, we inhale more air molecules (25 sextillion or 25,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) than there are grains of sand on all the world’s beaches. We each inhale up to 15,000 litres of air every day, exposing our ‘walking ecosystems’ to an array of invisible biodiversity. 

We often speak of air in terms of its quality. Indeed, high levels of pollution and pathogens fill the air in many places and cause (preventable) diseases. This happens when we fail to respect air. It happens when we fail to foster kinship with the natural world; when we “bite the hand that feeds us”. 

It can be challenging to define ‘healthy air’. However, a good starting point is promoting air characterised by very low pollution and pathogen levels and the presence of beneficial microbiota and other biogenic compounds, such as phytoncides. 

Evidence shows an environmental microbiome with specific characteristics can be considered ‘health-promoting’. For instance, higher alpha diversity, along with immune-priming taxa, such as Gammaproteobacteria and other functionally important microbial ‘old friends’ (e.g., some species of Streptomyces, Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria), have been shown to have salutogenic effects. 

The microbiome of the air (the aerobiome) is primarily “fed” by the soil and vegetation. We can shape these airborne communities in beneficial ways through ecosystem restoration and practices that promote soil health. 

Some estimate that with each breath, we inhale more air molecules (25 sextillion or 25,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) than there are grains of sand on all the world’s beaches. We each inhale up to 15,000 litres of air every day, exposing our ‘walking ecosystems’ to an array of invisible biodiversity. 

“Healthy air” in this regard is not equally distributed. While air should nourish life, the substances it now carries have, in many cases, become a detriment to the wellbeing of humans and non-humans alike. Communities located near industrial facilities, transportation hubs, or areas with high pollutant emissions are more likely to experience poor air quality. These areas are often home to lower-income human communities that may not have the resources to relocate––and they shouldn’t have to. 

The people who bear the brunt of air pollution are often those least responsible for tainting the air with the toxic chemicals and particles that drive the health issues. 

Air should be a bestower of life, a cradle of existence. While it should nourish us, we have a responsibility to nourish it in return, through conscious reciprocity. This path requires an end to pollution and a new era of ecosystem restoration.

Further Reading

A Need For an Abolitionist Strategy

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Air is Kin

This strategy was put together alongside our colleagues Dr Patrick Williams and Dr. Kavian Kulasabanathan, working with Araceli Camargo and Daniel Akinola-Odusola.

Brief History of the Right to Pollute

Defining 

Pollution in English is generally defined along the lines of harmful substances introduced into the environment (compared with ‘contamination’). Ambiguity can emerge given that some substances have thresholds or ranges for which they cause harm or could be deemed to be ‘harmful’--and these thresholds and ranges can vary according to context. UK legislation defines ‘pollution’ in the Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999, with updates in the Environment Act 2021, as:

(2) In this Act—

“activities” means activities of any nature, whether—

1. industrial or commercial or other activities, or

2. carried on on particular premises or otherwise,

and includes (with or without other activities) the depositing, keeping or disposal of any substance;

“environmental pollution” means pollution of the air, water or land which may give rise to any harm; and for the purposes of this definition (but without prejudice to its generality)—

1. “pollution” includes pollution caused by noise, heat or vibrations or any other kind of release of energy, and

2. “air” includes air within buildings and air within other natural or man-made structures above or below ground.

(3) In the definition of “environmental pollution” in subsection (2), “harm” means—

1. harm to the health of human beings or other living organisms;

2. harm to the quality of the environment, including:

   1. harm to the quality of the environment taken as a whole,

   2. harm to the quality of the air, water or land, and

   3. other impairment of, or interference with, the ecological systems of which any living organisms form part.

The Right to Pollute is a societal framing and infrastructure that sees pollution as an inevitability of society, particularly by larger, high-consuming, industrial entities such as factories, construction, and transport. The Right to Pollute is not equitable both in how these larger entities are licensed to pollute more while individuals and households are more strongly encouraged to reduce pollution, sometimes by policy and law. In this framing, if you are perceived to contribute more to society, you have more rights on how much pollution you can afford to produce.

The legal history of Right to Pollute policies relies on what is referred to as “assimilative capacity,” a scientific concept that underpins the theory that environments can handle a specific amount of contaminants before harm occurs.

Considerations For Right to Pollute Policies 

1. There is an innate understanding (or compromise) that Nature should endure a specific amount of damage before a recognition of harm is acknowledged.

2. Who is defining the meaning of “harm” in this case? It is not the Water, Air, or Land, nor is it the people that interact with them.

3. Can harm be defined or the threshold identified with accuracy? In other words, the thresholds of harm are arbitrary and driven by the cognitive framings of the scientists. Harm as a concept is quite personal and its threshold should be defined by those who the harm is being inflicted on, not the harmer.

4. Science without moral instruction can and does cause violence, as is the case of assimilative capacity. This term has been used to justify the pollution of our habitats as it gives the industry the ability to define what harm is, not the people nor the Nature they are damaging.

5. This perspective also erases the pathways of consent. The Beingness and Personhood of the habitats that are harmed are not taken into consideration. Therefore, these policies do not reflect their consent to harm as well as the consent of the People and other non–human Beings who live in the habitat. Their voices of what is “harm” are completely ignored or lost when they protest against the contamination.

Pay to Pollute

A financial settlement for pollution, whether court-mandated or out-of-court, might be less than the profits made by polluting and/or might not include a provision to stop polluting. Consequently, it is cheaper to continue making profits from pollution while paying financial penalties, in effect being an opportunity to pay in order to pollute. For example, Volkswagen’s financial viability was never in question despite having lied about emissions from their vehicles. The equations change if leaders of the polluter face personal fines or jail time–or if the financial penalties increase each time to the point that the polluter cannot afford to pay.

Carbon offsets or greenhouse gas offsets are a similar ‘pay to pollute’ principle. Whatever price an airline ticket or train ticket is, some people can afford it and some cannot. An increase in the ticket price, for offsets or a pollution clean-up fund or another mechanism, means that fewer people can afford the ticket, but many people still can. The more someone can afford to pay for a plane or train ticket, the more that person can afford to pay to pollute. Alternatives include investing in less polluting transportation over the entire life cycle alongside cultural and technological changes to support lifestyles requiring and desiring less travel, as long as the alternatives to travel do not create more life-cycle pollution.

See one UK survey https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123416000727 

The Need

Based on the past studies, we have identified the following list of needs within the environmental justice movement.

1. The majority of the justice is centred around lawsuits which financially compensate communities affected, however the communities are still left with the poor health effects. Therefore, there is a need to look beyond lawsuits and into health reparation, health justice, and legal mechanisms for pollution prevention. What this looks like should be community specific, here are some examples:

1. Actions that prevent pollution to avoid adverse health impacts

2. Health centres that specialise in air pollution effects

3. Specialised research centres that look at healing techniques for those affected by air pollution. 

4. Community led educational learning programmes on data, effects of air pollution, and key vocabulary related to clean air policies. 

2. The centering on lawsuits rather than health justice, means that communities that live within proximity of an industrial site experience disproportionate levels of cardiovascular, respiratory, and educational disorders, as well as cancers, while lacking mechanisms to prevent pollution.. 

3. Whilst there is a lot of information on how air pollution creates disease, we are missing information on how air pollution reduces quality of life on a day-to-day basis. This includes identifying symptoms such as headaches, nausea, fatigue, nose bleeds which can reduce a person’s quality of life. Preventing them from engaging with family, friends and community, requiring more sick days which can affect household income, and generally feeling like home is a place of stress. 

1. Symptoms are the only way that the lived experience is affected. We must also consider how people are affected by not being able to go outside, feeling unsafe in their home, worrying about the health of their loved ones, experiencing ecological death and changes to places that are ancestral, feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness.  

2. Mental burden: 

4. Currently in the UK the focus on clean air has been at the individual level (car use, type of car, cookers, and heating devices), this has erased the responsibility of industrial polluters

1. There are multiple top-down factors that contribute to individual choices, such as income, housing quality,  living near roads vs green areas, owning or affording a flat, proximity to resources, and policies. Therefore, only focusing on individual choices creates more health and environmental inequities.

2. This project will therefore focus on industrial polluters, who are systemically creating environmental and health injustices.

5. Whilst there are great air pollution monitoring devices that are free and available to communities, there is still a need for more robust infrastructure at a community level. This is to prevent communities being gaslit, contributing to the momentum of environmental and health justice, and preventing industrial polluters from lying about the effects of air pollution. 

1. Data literacy

2. Data collection methods that are cheap to free and backed up by science

3. Science and community collaborations to create justice based data analysis.

4. Community driven policy infrastructure 

5. Environmental justice literacy to enable 

A Need for an Abolitionist Strategy

The contamination of our air from industry is seen as a necessary output for economic growth, which we are told we need in order to provide society with necessary resources such as jobs, technology, comfort, and convenience. Due to this perceived value, industry is legally allowed to contaminate our air. To get to this point there needs to be systemic support. For example, the High Speed 2 (HS2) train is a high-speed railway line which is under construction in England, it has been given a narrative, driven by the government of environmental friendliness as it aims to be net zero and could reduce the need for air travel. However, on the ground it is a different reality, the construction itself, just like any other industrial project will create widespread contamination of air and water. Furthermore, many conservationists have highlighted the death of multiple significant habitats that deserve to live in their own right and are also necessary to help regulate planetary systems. 

Governmental policy has turned to science to create thresholds for legally permissible amounts of contamination. This is called assimilative capacity, formally defined as the theory that  “environments can handle a specific amount of contamination before harm is caused”.  There is a final factor to consider, culturally we have come to accept that natural environments should be a resource for human use and exploitation. This perspective is rooted in supremacy narratives that put humans at the top of the “totem pole” rather than seeing more-than-human beings as Kin.  

How governments arrive at air pollution policies and contamination allowances are dependent on science, governmental policies, and narratives that are culturally acceptable. It is also important to consider that currently policies and laws that protect polluters are all done without community consent. Therefore, in order for us to access  air that is nourishing and clean, we have to employ an abolitionist strategy. 

Another world is possible (an abolitionist strategy considerations) 

Abolishing at its core is the official ending of an event, law, policy, or even state of mind. There is also a political element to the word, that has its roots in the Black and Indigenous Abolition movements which ended chattel slavery in what is illegitimately known as the Americas. The contemporary abolitionist movement refers to the dismantling of the ‘prison-industrial complex’ (PIC) - comprising “overlapping interests of government and industry that use surveillance, policing, and imprisonment as solutions to economic, social and political problems” (Critical Resistance, 2023). PIC abolition is centrally concerned with breaking cycles of violence, making legible where carcerality acts and is reproduced in proposed solutions to violence. Crucially, though, PIC abolition commits to being in perpetual practice of “rehears[ing] the social order coming into being” (Wilson Gilmore & Gilroy, 2020). 

According to the World Health Organisation there are no safe levels of air pollution. Given this fact, we as citizens and scientists can no longer show a permissiveness or a tolerance to air pollution. Therefore, in the context of this project abolition means the end of “Right to Pollute Policies”. We would also like to introduce one more factor to the abolition conversation, which is the spiritual. For many of us on this project, we belong to Peoples and communities that have been historically marginalised by systems of supremacy that lead to experiencing air pollution at a disproportionate rate. Therefore many of us carry a deeply rooted and even Ancestral need to abolish what has harmed us for generations. 

Many would think that science has to be politically neutral and therefore has no utility within a political space. However, science is a human cognitive output and like all other outputs it is intrinsically rooted in culture. For example, in western European culture, humans are put at the top of the cognition scale, therefore it has taken western science until quite recently to recognise that other beings such as trees and plants have complex intelligence. In contrast, many cultures of Turtle Island do not centre the human and long recognised not only the intelligence of more than human Kin, but also their wisdom and intelligence. We cannot separate science from culture. Additionally, science is a tool, one that allows us to systematically observe the world, so we can turn this into information for complex problem solving. 

Therefore, for this project we are going to use abolition as our strategy to create a scientific design that contributes to the abolition work being conducted by communities all over the world.  Abolition is a strategy that requires big mental shifts starting from knowledge roots, narratives, and moving towards cultural shifts that end with changes in the law. This requires time and certain considerations. Here we identify three, there are of course many more depending on your community and perceptions. 

Further Reading

Meet the Team

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Air is Kin

Air is Kin is a project led by a wide range of practitioners. Below are the team members.

Araceli Camargo

Araceli is a neuroscientist and health justice advocate working at Centric Lab. Araceli is a descendant of the original Peoples of Turtle Island.

Prof. Ilan Kelman

Ilan is a professor of disasters and health at University College London. His research interest is linking risk, resilience and global health, including the integration of climate change into disaster research and health research

Dr. Julia Pescarini

Julia is an assistant professor at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine interested in understanding how poverty, vulnerability and deprived living conditions, included in the broad context of the social determinants of health, affect the chances of people becoming ill and how we can mitigate that.

David Smith

David is the South West London-based founder of Little Ninja, a movement which launches campaigns to reduce air pollution by targeting harmful traffic practices, such as idling, and evidencing the real impacts of campaigns such as Low Traffic Neighbourhoods have on marginalised and vulnerable communities.

Dr. Rhiannon Mihranian Osborne

Rhiannon is a junior doctor, researcher and organiser. Her work focuses on environmental justice, access to medicines, and re-imagining health beyond capitalism and colonialism.

Angela Fonso

Angela is the coordinator for the campaign group Clean Air for Southall and Hayes, a campaign group campaigning against the environmental injustice  caused by a local housing development on an old gasworks site.

Dr. Joanna Dobbin

Joanna is a doctor based in Somers Town, Camden who is passionate about health as a human right and campaigning for accessible healthcare to all.

Stuart Bennett

Stu is campaign coordinator of the Save Rimrose Valley campaign, an environmental campaign which successfully saw to the cancellation of a destructive government-led road proposal Rimrose Valley Country Park in North Liverpool.

Daniel Akinola-Odusola

Daniel is a data strategist with a background in neuroscience. Daniel has been working at Centric Lab for over 6 years ad has been instrumental in the development of its data projects, studies, and approach.

Dr. Emily Parker

Emily is a resident doctor working in paediatrics in Newcastle who advocates for the role doctors can play in safeguarding children from the harmful effects of pollution.

Josh Artus

Josh works at Centric Lab with a focus on the built environment and policy.

This project is in partnership with Impact on Urban Health

Further Reading

Air is Kin Academy

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We cannot do this work alone. Being part of a connected and educated community can help move your advocacy forward at a more gentle pace.

For a better viewing and interactive experience please click here to access the Miro board and begin your journey!

Further Reading

Drop in Sessions

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Air is Kin

As part of resourcing clean air advocacy movements and campaigns, we are offering free virtual drop-in sessions.

These sessions are an opportunity to ask questions about the programme, ask for advice if you are facing a pollution event, or ask questions about a specific challenge you are facing. 

They will be held between 7-8pm UK time and will be held as safe spaces for all.

To join please enter your name and email address below for the dates you want to attend and Daniel will be in touch with a link to join.

Tuesday 26th November 2024

Tuesday 11th March 2025

Tuesday 10th June 2025

Tuesday 9th September 2025

Further Reading

About the Project

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Air is Kin

This is a live, working document. Meaning, that throughout the course of this project we will be updating it. You can read it in full by scrolling over the embedded document.

If you have any questions about what is written here please contact us via email: aik at thecentriclab dot com

Further Reading