Since post-war times, cities in the west have overwhelmingly been defined by top-down civil and democratic structures that meet the governmental agendas for what society needs.

Non-Communicable Diseases are not a question of happenstance, “bad luck”, or due to a group's genetic make-up. They are highly linked to exposure to pollution, contaminants, and marginalisation.

The Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) are a set of datasets used in the UK to measure and rank the relative deprivation of small geographic areas.

In the UK, urban planning is a term used to describe the ecosystem of activity around the Town & Country Planning Act of 1947. It is a technocratic approach to planning the built environment in relation to the governments’ social and economic goals.

Modern cities began to be organised around the turn of the 20th century. Social issues such as communicable diseases and acute experiences of poverty became too much for authorities to handle. From the Eurocentric city perspective, two people in particular were foundational in analysis and change.